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Denying the antecedent, sometimes also called inverse error or fallacy of the inverse, is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from the original statement. It is committed by reasoning in the form: :If ''P'', then ''Q''. :Not ''P''. :Therefore, not ''Q''. which may also be phrased as : (P implies Q) : (therefore, not-P implies not-Q) Arguments of this form are invalid. Informally, this means that arguments of this form do not give good reason to establish their conclusions, even if their premises are true. The name ''denying the antecedent'' derives from the premise "not ''P''", which denies the "if" clause of the conditional premise. One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example: :If it is raining, then the grass is wet. :It is not raining. :Therefore, the grass is not wet. The conclusion is invalid because there are other reasons why the grass could be wet at the time (someone could have watered it), whereas if "it's raining" implies "the grass is wet," we may safely conclude that if the grass is not wet, it's not raining. Another example: :If Queen Elizabeth is an American citizen, then she is a human being. :Queen Elizabeth is not an American citizen. :Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is not a human being. That argument is obviously bad, but arguments of the same form can sometimes seem superficially convincing, as in the following example offered, with apologies for its lack of logical rigour, by Alan Turing in the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence": However, men could still be machines that do not follow a definite set of rules. Thus this argument (as Turing intends) is invalid. It is possible that an argument that denies the antecedent could be valid, if the argument instantiates some other valid form. For example, if the claims ''P'' and ''Q'' express the same proposition, then the argument would be trivially valid, as it would beg the question. In everyday discourse, however, such cases are rare, typically only occurring when the "if-then" premise is actually an "if and only if" claim (i.e., a biconditional/equality). For example: :If I am President of the United States, then I can veto Congress. :I am not President. :Therefore, I cannot veto Congress. The above argument is not valid, but would be if the first premise ended thus: "...and if I can veto Congress, then I am the U.S. President" (as is in fact true). More to the point, the validity of the new argument stems not from denying the antecedent, but modus tollens (denying the consequent). == See also == * Affirming the consequent * Modus ponens * Modus tollens * Necessary and sufficient conditions 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Denying the antecedent」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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